. mediæval e storia moderna . , non abate nulla di teirvenerazione per lui come Vicario di Dio in tutte le cose morale e spirituale. 151. Papa Bonifacio VIII e Filippo la Fiera di Francia. Itwas durante il pontificato di Bonifacio VIII (i294-1303) thatthe laico autorità dei papi ha ricevuto un duro colpo e ha cominciato rapidamente a declinare. Bonifacio ha tenuto Gregorio VII esaltedvisioni delle prerogative dell'ufficio papale. Prendendo come rante della guerra queste parole della Scrittura, ecco che ti ho posto sopra i re-domi e gli imperi,^ ha assunto un atteggiamento verso i laici che, era certo di portare l'ecclesia

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. Mediæval and modern history . , abate nothing of theirveneration for him as the Vicar of God in all things moral andspiritual. 151. Pope Boniface VIII and Philip the Fair of France. Itwas during the pontificate of Boniface VIII (i294-1303) thatthe secular authority of the popes received a severe blow andbegan rapidly to decline. Boniface held Gregory VIIs exaltedviews of the prerogatives of the papal office. Taking as his war-rant these words of Scripture, Behold I have set thee over king-doms and empires, ^ he assumed an attitude towards the layrulers which, was certain to bring the ecclesiastical and civil au-thorities into angry and violent collision. In the year 1296 heissued a bull in which, under pain of excommunication, he forbadeall ecclesiatical persons, without papal permission, to pay taxesin any form levied by lay rulers. All civil rulers of whatsoever 1 Jer. i. 10. Lands of theHOLY R03IAN EMPIRE under the FrBnconlan Emperors !) r , , —^ 10S4.11S5 ^{—-yrsT^c^^ 100 150 200 250 •ri ^ ^CjV BALTIC SEA. § 152] THE POPES AT AVIGNON 139 name — baron, duke, prince, king, or emperor — who shouldpresume to impose upon ecclesiastics taxes of any kind were alsoto incur the same sentence. Philip of France regarded the papal claims as an encroachmentupon the civil authority. The contention between him and thePope speedily grew into a bitter and undignified quarrel. In oneof his letters to Boniface, Philip addressed the pontiff in words ofunseemly and studied rudeness. Phijip was bold because he knewthat his people were with him. The popular feeling was givenexpression in a famous States-General which the king summonedin 1302, and in another called together the next year. The threeestates of the realm—the nobility, the clergy, and the commons—declared that the Pope had no authority in France in politicalmatters; that the French king had no superior save God. The end was soon reached. At Anagni, in Italy, a band ofsoldiers in the French pay, with every

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• bookcentury1900
• bookdecade1920
• booksubje
• booksubjectmiddleages