Alexander : una storia dell'origine e della crescita dell'arte della guerra dai primi tempi alla battaglia di Ipso, B. C301: Con un resoconto dettagliato delle campagne del grande macedone. Rmed piazza, con arcieri e baraccopoli nel centro, muchas Brasidas e Xenophon aveva fatto. Senza dubbio egli prowedthe idea ; ma quello che Alexander ha preso in prestito ha tradito. AtArbela formò due ali volanti con maestria e CATAPULTA. 161 effetto. All'Hydaspes staccò una forza di cavalleria aboutPis fianco destro con uguale lungimiranza e risultati. L'artiglieria di quei giorni è stata molto migliorata da Philipand in ritardo

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Alexander : a history of the origin and growth of the art of war from earliest times to the battle of Ipsus, B.C301: with a detailed account of the campaigns of the great Macedonian . rmed square, with archers and slingers in the centre, muchas Brasidas and Xenophon had done. No doubt he borrowedthe idea ; but what Alexander borrowed he bettered. AtArbela he formed two flying wings with consummate skill and THE CATAPULT. 161 effect. At the Hydaspes he detached a cavalry force aboutPoms right flank with equal foresight and results. The artillery of those days was much improved by Philipand later by Alexander, who was the first to construct themachines, and to mount them on wagons in such a manner asto be able to march them in company with the army as ourfield artillery does to-day. Up to this time these militarymachines had only been used in sieges. Having them athand, Alexander made constant use of them at defiles, againstfield-works, in crossing rivers, and in many sudden emer-gencies. Philip and Alexander consolidated the artillery intobatteries, and Philip had one hundred and fifty companies onfoot and twenty-five reserve batteries in his arsenals. m//ii//in ~^. Catapult. The catapult was the invention of the Syrians, according toPHny. It was a species of huge bow, mounted on a plat-form. The propelling force was usually a twisted cord or gutapplied to the arms of the bow. The bowstring was tight-ened by a ^vindlass and released by a spring. The catapultshot huge iron-pointed arrows or pikes weigliing from ten tothree hundred pounds, which had considerable penetration.It may be called the cannon of the ancients. It was capableof carrying nearly one half mile, and was accurate up to five 162 THE BALLISTA. hundred paces. Some were so arranged as to hurl a flight ofleaden bullets instead of an arrow. The ballista originated with the Phoenicians. It threwstones up to fifty pounds weight and over, and was the mortarof the ancients. The missile could be cast about hal

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