. Bollettino. Scienza e storia naturale; storia naturale. 164 bollettino Southern California Academy of Sciences volume 74. La figura 1. Femmina Umbonia crassicornis preparando a calci un ramoscello che è stato appena toccato per la covata. brood. Se una ninfa è stato toccato con un ramoscello, tutta la covata ha dato una convulsa vibrare. La protezione- ing donne hanno cominciato immediatamente a sfiorare le sue ali e poi rapidamente salito lo stelo per la covata, dopodiché ha iniziato attenta ricerca oltre le ninfe. Quando si è trovata la punta del probing ramoscello, la femmina spostata accanto ad essa sollevato il suo addome leggermente dal substrato di una

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. Bulletin. Science; Natural history; Natural history. 164 BULLETIN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOLUME 74. Figure 1. Female Umbonia crassicornis preparing to kick a twig which has just been touched to the brood. brood. If a nymph was touched with a twig, the entire brood gave a convulsive shudder. The guard- ing female began immediately to flick its wings and then rapidly climbed the stem to the brood, whereupon it commenced carefully searching over the nymphs. When it found the tip of the probing twig, the female moved alongside it, lifted its abdomen slightly from the substrate and delivered a sharp kick to the twig with the opposite third leg. The force of this kick was enough to produce a snapping sound and was actually slightly painful to my finger. Ants and small cater- pillars placed on the brood were kicked several inches away from the stem. When the disturbing stimulus was removed, the female would move back down the stem and resume its former position. This active de- fense of the brood was observed many times and per- sisted until the third or fourth instar had been reached, after which the guarding females appeared to lose much of their interest in the brood although they still remained in their guard positions. A fairly strong stimulus was needed to elicit brood defense behavior. This stimulus could take the form of a substrate vibration produced by the stimulus itself, or by the shuddering of the stimulated brood. As very tiny insects would therefore probably escape detection, it is unlikely that the brood defense of Umbonia serves to protect the nymphs from parasites, as proposed for Rhinocoris by Odhiambo (Proc. Royal Ent. Soc, (A) 34:175-185). Instead, it appears that the defensive behavior of Umbonia is directed against larger insects which might eat the nymphs or compete with them for space on the twigs. of early and half-grown nymphs on stems of Cassia sp. (Fig. 1). As in the case of Platycotis cited above, the position taken by the g

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• bookcentury1900
• booksubjectnaturalhistory
• booksubjectscience