Campi di forza; conferenze supplementari, applicazioni per la meteorologia; . te ogni caso. Le particelle, quindi, si concateneranno tra loro normalalle linee di flusso nel fluido; esse si disporranno asstrati che seguono le superfici equipotenziali, e che, come una sequenza di repulsione reciproca, sono separati tra loro da spazi vuoti. E' indifi^erente se per l'esperimento SI INDAGA SU PKOPERTIES. 49 prendere una polvere leggera, che corrisponderebbe alle limature di ferro, ora polvere pesante, che corrisponderebbe alle limature di bismuto. Per ragioni pratiche, esso

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Fields of force; supplementary lectures, applications to meteorology; . te inevery case. The particles, therefore, will chain together normallyto the lines of flow in the fluid ; they will arrange themselves aslayers which follow the equipotential surfaces, and which, as a con-sequence of mutual repulsion, are separated from each other byempty spaces. It is indifi^erent whether for the experiment we INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMICAL PKOPERTIES. 49 take a light powder, which would correspond to the iron filings, ora heavy powder, which would correspond to the bismuth filings. For practical reasons, it is preferable to use a heavy powder, which, in order that the experiment succeed nicely, must befairly homogeneous. A good powder may be obtained from com-mon red lead, if both the finest and the coarsest particles be re-moved by washing. This is distributed on a glass plate, directlyabove which is placed for a few seconds a pulsating or an oscillat-ing body with very intense pulsations or oscillations. The powderimmediately arranges itself along the expected curves.. Pig. 20. Fig. 19 gives the circles of a section through the spherical equi-potential surfaces surrounding a pulsating body, and Figs. 20and 21 give the more complicated curves of plane sections throughthe equipotential surfaces produced by two bodies pulsating in thesame and in opposite phase, respectively. In a similar way Fig.22 gives a section through the system of equipotential surfacesaround an oscillating body. As is easily seen, the curves thusobtained are normal to the lines of force or of flow represented byFigs. 4-8.7 60 FIELDS OF FORCE. It is wortli remarking tliat tiie dynamical principle which ex-plains the formation of these figures is the same as that whichexplains the formation of Kundts dnst-figures in the classicalexperiment for the measurement of the velocity of sound in gases.Our figures also show a striking likeness to the ripple marks foimedin the sand along the shores by the waves. And even

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