3683 x 4720 px | 31,2 x 40 cm | 12,3 x 15,7 inches | 300dpi
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Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13, 1792 – February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16, 1846 until his death. His was the longest reign in Church history, lasting 32 years. During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed Papal infallibility. The Pope defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, meaning that Mary was conceived without original sin and that she lived a life completely free of sin. Decisive military victories of Prussia against all German States and Austria in Austerlitz in 1866, and of the German States in Sedan against France in 1870 and the creation of Second German Empire in 1870 with a Protestant emperor were viewed in Berlin as a victory of Protestantism over Catholicism. The outcome of the First Vatican Council with the definition of Papal infallibility raised Protestant and liberal Catholic fears of papal interference in German affairs and resulted with the Kulturkampf by Otto von Bismarck in drastic restrictions for the Catholic Church in the areas of education, sermon preaching, the formation of its priests and the functions ofbishops. Five of eleven Prussian bishops were arrested. Several Religious and religious congregations were outlawed and Jesuits had to leave the country with a law of July 7, 1872. They were only readmitted in 1917.
